Spanish nationality by residence: complete guide

Spanish nationality by residence is a process that allows foreigners to obtain Spanish nationality after having legally resided in Spain for a specified period. This article will provide you with a comprehensive guide on this process, including requirements, deadlines, and steps to follow.

Who can apply for Spanish nationality by residence?

To apply for Spanish nationality by residence, you must meet certain requirements established in the Spanish Civil Code and the Immigration Law. These are:

Legal residence: You must have legally resided in Spain for a minimum period, which varies according to the applicant's situation:
10 years for most foreigners.
2 years for nationals of Ibero-American countries, Andorra, the Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal, and Brazil.
1 year for those born in Spain, married to a Spanish citizen, or children of a Spanish citizen who has lost nationality.
Good civic conduct: You should not have a criminal record in Spain or in your country of origin.
Economic sufficiency: You must demonstrate that you have sufficient economic means to live in Spain.
Integration: You must pass an exam on constitutional and sociocultural knowledge of Spain (CCSE) and demonstrate an adequate level of Spanish (DELE A2 or higher if the applicant is foreign).

Required documentation

When applying for Spanish nationality by residence, you must submit the following documentation:

Application form: Official models available on the Ministry of Justice's website.
Complete passport: Including all pages.
Foreign identity card (TIE): That proves your legal residence in Spain.
Criminal record certificate: From both Spain and your country of origin.
Certificate of registration: Proving your residence in the municipality.
Documentation proving economic situation: Employment contracts, pay slips, or tax returns.
Certificates of exam approval: CCSE and DELE.

Application process

The process for applying for Spanish nationality by residence consists of several stages:

Gather documentation: Ensure you have all necessary documents.
Submit the application: You can do this electronically through the electronic headquarters of the Ministry of Justice or in person at the relevant civil registry.
Await resolution: The resolution period may vary, but it usually takes about 6 to 12 months.
Oath of nationality: Once the application is approved, you must go to the civil registry to take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the King.

Conclusion

Obtaining Spanish nationality by residence may seem complicated, but with the right documentation and by meeting the established requirements, it is entirely possible. Remember that it is important to stay informed about any changes in legislation and, if necessary, seek legal advice to facilitate the process.

Written by:
Javier Dominguez
Expert immigration lawyer
Publication date: February 14, 2026

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